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''Sarcoscypha coccinea'', commonly known as the scarlet elf cup, scarlet elf cap, or the scarlet cup, is a species of fungus in the family Sarcoscyphaceae of the order Pezizales. The fungus, widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere, has been found in Africa, Asia, Europe, North and South America, and Australia. The type species of the genus ''Sarcoscypha'', it has been known by many names since its first appearance in the scientific literature in 1772. Phylogenetic analysis shows the species to be most closely related to other ''Sarcoscypha'' species that contain numerous small oil droplets in their spores, such as the North Atlantic island species ''S. macaronesica''. Due to similar physical appearances and sometimes overlapping distributions, ''S. coccinea'' has often been confused with ''S. occidentalis'', ''S. austriaca'', and ''S. dudleyi''. The saprobic fungus grows on decaying sticks and branches in damp spots on forest floors, generally buried under leaf litter or in the soil. The cup-shaped fruit bodies are usually produced during the cooler months of winter and early spring. The brilliant red interior of the cups—from which both the common and scientific names are derived—contrasts with the lighter-colored exterior. The edibility of the fruit bodies is not clearly established, but its small size, tough texture and insubstantial fruitings would dissuade most people from collecting for the table. The fungus has been used medicinally by the Oneida Indians, and also as a colorful component of table decorations in England. The species ''Molliardiomyces eucoccinea'' is an imperfect form of the fungus that lacks a sexually reproductive stage in its life cycle. ==Taxonomy, naming, and phylogeny== The species was originally named ''Helvella coccinea'' by the Italian naturalist Giovanni Antonio Scopoli in 1772.〔 Other early names include ''Peziza coccinea'' (Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin, 1774)〔 and ''Peziza dichroa'' (Theodor Holmskjold, 1799).〔 Although some authors in older literature have applied the generic name ''Plectania'' to the taxon following Karl Fuckel's 1870 name change〔 (e.g. Seaver, 1928;〔 Kanouse, 1948;〔 Nannfeldt, 1949;〔 Le Gal, 1953〔), that name is now used for a fungus with brownish-black fruit bodies.〔 ''Sarcoscypha coccinea'' was given its current name by Jean Baptiste Émil Lambotte in 1889.〔 Obligate synonyms (different names for the same species based on one type) include ''Lachnea coccinea'' Gillet (1880),〔 ''Macroscyphus coccineus'' Gray (1821),〔 and ''Peziza dichroa'' Holmskjold (1799). Taxonomic synonyms (different names for the same species, based on different types) include ''Peziza aurantia'' Schumacher (1803), ''Peziza aurantiaca'' Persoon (1822), ''Peziza coccinea'' Jacquin (1774), ''Helvella coccinea'' Schaeffer (1774), ''Lachnea coccinea'' Phillips (1887), ''Geopyxis coccinea'' Massee (1895), ''Sarcoscypha coccinea'' Saccardo ex Durand (1900), ''Plectania coccinea'' (Fuckel ex Seaver), and ''Peziza cochleata'' Batsch (1783).〔 ''Sarcoscypha coccinea'' is the type species of the genus ''Sarcoscypha'', having been first explicitly designated as such in 1931 by Frederick Edward Clements and Cornelius Lott Shear.〔Korf and Harrington (1990), citing 〕 A 1990 publication revealed that the genus name ''Sarcoscypha'' had been used previously by Carl F.P. von Martius as the name of a tribe in the genus ''Peziza'';〔 according to the rules of Botanical Nomenclature, this meant that the generic name ''Peziza'' had priority over ''Sarcoscypha''. To address the taxonomical dilemma, the genus name ''Sarcoscypha'' was conserved against ''Peziza'', with ''S. coccinea'' as the type species, to "avoid the creation of a new generic name for the scarlet cups and also to avoid the disadvantageous loss of a generic name widely used in the popular and scientific literature".〔 The specific epithet ''coccinea'' is derived from the Latin word meaning "deep red". The species is commonly known as the "scarlet elf cup",〔 the "scarlet elf cap",〔 or the "scarlet cup fungus".〔 ''S. coccinea'' var. ''jurana'' was described by Jean Boudier (1903) as a variety of the species having a brighter and more orange-colored fruit body, and with flattened or blunt-ended ascospores.〔 Today it is known as the distinct species ''S. jurana''.〔 ''S. coccinea'' var. ''albida'', named by George Edward Massee in 1903 (as ''Geopyxis coccinea'' var. ''albida''), has a cream-colored rather than red interior surface, but is otherwise identical to the typical variety.〔 |2=''S. knixoniana'' }} |2=Other ''Sarcoscypha'' spp. }} }}}} | caption=Phylogeny and relationships of ''S. coccinea'' and related species based on ITS sequences and morphological characteristics.〔 }} Within the large area that includes the temperate to alpine-boreal zone of the northern hemisphere (Europe and North America), only ''S. coccinea'' had been recognized until the 1980s. However, it had been known since the early 1900s that there existed several macroscopically indistinguishable taxa with various microscopic differences: the distribution and number of oil droplets in fresh spores; germination behavior; and spore shape. Detailed analysis and comparison of fresh specimens revealed that what had been collectively called "''S. coccinea''" actually consisted of four distinct species: ''S. austriaca'', ''S. coccinea'', ''S. dudleyi'', and ''S. jurana''.〔 The phylogenetic relationships in the genus ''Sarcoscypha'' were analyzed by Francis Harrington in the late 1990s.〔〔 Her cladistic analysis combined comparisons of the sequences of the internal transcribed spacer in the non-functional RNA with fifteen traditional morphological characteristics, such as spore features, fruit body shape, and degree of curliness of the "hairs" that form the tomentum. Based on her analysis, ''S. coccinea'' is part of a clade that includes the species ''S. austriaca'', ''S. macaronesica'', ''S. knixoniana'' and ''S. humberiana''.〔 All of these ''Sarcoscypha'' species have numerous, small oil droplets in their spores. Its closest relative, ''S. macaronesica'', is found on the Canary Islands and Madeira; Harrington hypothesized that the most recent common ancestor of the two species originated in Europe and was later dispersed to the Macaronesian islands.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Sarcoscypha coccinea」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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